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고유한 간호학적 지식을 탐구하기 위하여 고려해야 하는 몇 가지이 문제를 다루고 있다. 탐구의 방법론적 원리는 우선 탐구 대상에 대한 극명한 해명을 바탕으로 이루어진다. 다시말하면 간호의 본질 또는 실체에 대한 논의가 이루어진 후에 비로소 그에 접근할 수 있는 방안을 모색할 수 있다. 논자는 간호의 본질적 특성을 인간의 삶의 욕구 또는 삶의 지향성이라고 규정하고 있다. 또한 간호학 영역에서 널리 사용되어온 방법론의 ´인간학적 이해´와 ´과학적 발견´이라는 주제와 대비시켜 고찰하고 있다. 지금까지의 간호학 내의 합의적 전체에 따라 간호의 본질인 삶의 욕구를 다룰 수 있는 6가지의 방법론적 원리를 제안하고 있다. 각각의 원리에 적절한 방법론은 철학적 인식론과 사회역사적 배경에 대응하여 모색될 수 있을 것이다.
We can only discuss methodology of investigations when we ascertain and set up our objects. For methodology includes procedures and structures to expound objects. And methodological principles include not only epistemological issues but ontological problems. So in nursing science, such principles should be explored on the basis of clarifying the nature and practice of nursing.
Nursing is a comprehensive science. The complixity of nursing depends on the various condition of the existence of various human being. And that variety of human existence makes nursing science a comprehensive discipline, for the content of nursing can only be fulfilled through interaction with the object of it. Nursing interventions participate in the qualitative content of living condition of human being. Nursing care aims at supporting its clients actualize their internal and potential intentionaity for life including maintenence of biological living. Accordingly the ultimate object of nursing inquiry is the life force of human being. And nursing science includes explanation of essential of nursing and the ways of transporting desirable nursing care to the object. Thus, the principle of investigation in nursing science can not be a orthodox one but a complexity of various ones.
One of the most significant issue in methodological dispute is whether we `discover´ or `understand´ the facts about our objects. In human and social sciences, interests in methodoeogy tend to be concentrated on the problem of this acord and discord between explanation and understanding of objects the phenomena of human life.
Science of nursing has same methodological issues, as depending on the interaction with objects. The scientific methodology aims at excluding subjective values and
formulating objective laws. Consequently, the main task of scientific methodology is the discovery of the law with the security of the objectivity and the elimination of the value.
But the contrary came to scientism argues that it is impossible for us to have a correct understanding of the object, which can only be fulfilled through cognitive activity and value judgement of the observer-and-investigator as a `subject´. The object of inquiry, they argue is not to explain but to understand. And so we should accept vitality, authority, creativity and autonomy and so on as the common characteristics of human being, including nursing clients. Even though people can share habitual same regularity similarity in thinking and practising, we have difficulties in ascertaining universal or uniform law of human behavior. According to this view opint, the human is a being of intention, creavity and autonomous value system.
Thus, I proposed the followings as methodological problems of nursing science.
First is the nursing situation commensurable to the phenomena of natural sciences or not? Can the life force of the human being of various internal value systems be observed as reduce to a material being? The life force as the essential object of nursing is generated out of the internal value system constructed through the influence of the cultural background and the variety of personal history.
Second, if discovery of the law of cause and effect is possible by deviding factors into two groups, i.e., essential and peripheral ones or significant and insignigficant ones, then is such division and, as its presupposition, distinction as much possible in nursing area? But factors of contruction the internal situation of nursing clients can entirely not be elucidated by experiment, observation and statistical quantification.
Third, is it possible to secure objectivity in the nursing science, if such is admitted at all, as in the natural science. Objective obeservation and discovery of causal law are important issues in nursing science as long as the life force includes maintenence of the biological living, but there definitely is some limitation in expounding in positive ways the contents of life consisting in various subjective and internal motivation.
By these reasons, several presuppositions can be proposed as the investigating principles in nursing. 10 Nursing deals the human as a holistic being. 02 Nursing is a value centered activity or behavior. C Value of nursing is advocated by the prac
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